ParlAmericas is an independent network
made up of national legislatures that are also members of the Organization of
American States (OAS). ParlAmericas members are committed to promoting
parliamentary participation in the inter-American system and developing
inter-parliamentary dialogue on issues of importance to the hemisphere.
ParlAmericas seeks to encourage the sharing of experiences and best practices
amongst its members, and works to strengthen the role of legislatures in
democratic development and promote harmonization of legislation and hemispheric
integration as instruments of sustainable and harmonious development in the
region.
ParlAmericas was constituted at the
Inaugural Meeting hosted by the Parliament of Canada, in Ottawa, in 2001. The
organization is made up of three main bodies, namely: the Plenary Assembly, the
Executive Committee and the Technical Secretariat. The Plenary Assembly, which
meets annually, provides a platform for parliamentarians from the Americas to
discuss various themes of common interest to the hemisphere. Topics addressed
during the Plenary Assembly are developed and planned by the Executive
Committee, which establishes the agenda of the Plenary Assembly. In addition to
these activities, the members of the Executive Committee are also responsible
for monitoring projects that are assigned to them by the Assembly. The
Executive Committee is headed by a Chair, who is elected every two years. Both
receive support from the Technical Secretariat.
Canada has been strongly involved in
ParlAmericas since its inception. On 10 September 2011, Mr. Randy Hoback,
member from Prince Albert, was elected President of ParlAmericas. Mr. Hoback
has also served as the head of the Canadian Section of ParlAmericas since April
2010. He became the second Canadian president of ParlAmericas, following
Senator Céline Hervieux-Payette, who held this position from 2001 to 2006. In
addition, the ParlAmericas Technical Secretariat is incorporated in Canada and
is based in Ottawa. Canada is also in charge of maintaining the ParlAmericas
website. This site, upgraded and re-launched in the fall of 2011, plays a key
role in the organization’s activities, allowing parliamentarians and the
general public to access up-to-date resources created by ParlAmericas, on a
wide range of issues held in common interest by countries of the hemisphere.
29th Meeting of the Executive
Committee
A.Introduction
The ParlAmericas Executive Committee
held its 29th meeting in Panama City, Panama, at the Sheraton Panama
Hotel on 29 August 2012. The meeting was chaired by ParlAmericas President, Mr.
Randy Hoback, member of Parliament of Canada. Other participants were:
Mr. Victor Juliao III, First Vice‑President
and member of the National Assembly of Panama;
Ms. Linda Machuca Moscoso, Second Vice‑President,
President of the Group of Women Parliamentarians, member of the National
Assembly of Ecuador;
Senator Michael L. MacDonald (Canada),
representing North America;
Ms. Maria Jeannette Ruiz Delgado,
deputy of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica, representing Central America;
Mr. Armando Torres Aguirre, member of
the National Assembly of Cuba, representing Central America;
Mr. Ignacio Urrutia Bonilla, member of
the National Congress of Chile, representing South America; and
Mr. Germán Alcides Blanco Alvarez,
member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, representing South
America.
The main objectives of this Executive
Committee meeting were:
To receive an update from board of
directors members and Secretariat staff concerning recent ParlAmericas
activities;
To receive an update and discuss other
issues arising out of the preparations for the 9th Plenary
Assembly;
To review draft regulations which
concern numerous aspects of governance of the organization; and
To receive reports from the various
ParlAmericas Standing Committees.
B.Opening of the Meeting
Mr. Hoback opened the session by
welcoming the meeting’s participants and thanking Mr. Juliao for his work as
host. Mr. Juliao was then invited by Mr. Hoback to present welcoming remarks.
Mr. Juliao expressed his readiness and desire to commence the hard work that
the next several days of meetings would entail. He also invited board members
to contact him should they need anything during their stay.
Mr. Hoback then introduced all those
who were present and gave the regrets of those who could not attend, including
Senator Alberto Grillón Conigliaro (Paraguay) and Mr. Claudio Roberto Perdomo
Interiano, member of the National Assembly of Honduras. He also thanked Mr.
Leif-Erik Aune, the departing executive secretary of the Canadian section of
ParlAmericas, while welcoming Ms. Guyanne Desforges, his successor. Mr.
Hoback also thanked the rest of the ParlAmericas Technical Secretariat staff.
He then presented the Agenda of the meeting, which was approved. The Executive
Committee proceeded with the approval of the report of the 28th
meeting of the board of directors.
C.President’s Report
Mr. Hoback provided board members with
an update of his activities in June and August 2012. This included a meeting in
Ottawa with a delegation from Costa Rica on 5 June 2012 when he and members of
the Canadian Section of ParlAmericas met with Ms. Marcela Chacon, Vice Minister
of Governance and Police in the Ministry of Governance, Police and Public
Security of Costa Rica. He indicated that the meeting touched upon the topics
of immigration, free trade and labour agreements, as well as combating drugs
and smuggling. Both Mr. Hoback and Ms. Chacon agreed that ParlAmericas served
as an ideal forum for parliamentarians to discuss topics of common interest.
On 26 June 2012, Mr. Hoback also gave
the keynote address at an Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
Conference on open government and transparency in extractive industries in
Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Lima, Peru. He used the opportunity to
speak of Canada’s experience in the extractive industries field, while focusing
on the importance of strong governance practices for overseeing the best use of
resources, and optimizing revenues to ensure long-lasting prosperity.
Mr. Hoback updated board members on his
meeting with Senator MacDonald and the ParlAmerica’s Director General, Dr. Gina
Hill, in Ottawa, on 25 July 2012, during which they discussed matters
concerning the 9th Plenary Assembly. On 26 July 2012, Mr.
Hoback attended a reception in Ottawa celebrating the 191st
Anniversary of the Independence of Peru. In attendance at this reception were a
number of ambassadors from Central and South America. Mr. Hoback discussed
holding more frequent meetings with them, and promoted stronger participation
by their respective countries at the Assembly.
Mr. Hoback also received confirmation
from the board of directors that ParlAmericas Secretariat staff would be
permitted to intermingle with the board during its informal meetings, in order
to help the former gain a greater understanding of the board’s work and to
facilitate information sharing.
D.Technical Secretariat Report
Ms. Gina Hill provided the board with a
report on the activities of the Technical Secretariat. These included, among
other things:
Negotiations regarding the Trade
Workshop with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Global Organization of
Parliamentarians Against Corruption (GOPAC);
Finalization and delivery of budget,
financial reports, and work plan for the Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA);
Preparations for the 9th
Plenary Assembly and the 29th Board of Directors Meeting –
logistics; preparation of documents; and arranging the selection and attendance
of subject-matter experts;
Coordination of certain documents
resulting from the ParlAmericas Women’s Group gathering in Chile;
Website maintenance; and
Finalization and delivery of the ParlAmericas
newsletter (“ParlAmericas Express”).
E.Funding Travel for Members of the Board of Directors and Other
Parliamentarians
In the past, ParlAmericas provided
support to members of the board of directors requiring financial assistance for
travel and accommodation at board meetings, when their parliaments could not or
would not cover these costs. Recently, the number of directors on the board
increased, leading to a concomitant increase in requests for financial support.
Under the CIDA project through which provides ParlAmericas with funding,
ParlAmericas has an envelope of funds at its disposal to cover travel costs of
parliamentarians attending ParlAmericas events and activities. Demands were,
however, increasing on these limited funds. As such, ParlAmericas’
International Secretariat asked the board of directors for guidance as to how
to prioritize requests for financial assistance. The board discussed the matter
before referring it to a standing committee for further study.
F.Capacity-Building Workshop
According to the work plan approved by
CIDA and the board of directors of ParlAmericas, ParlAmericas had committed to
carrying out one capacity-building activity prior to the end of
March 2013. In the summer of 2012, a CIDA-funded study was commissioned by
ParlAmericas and carried out by the Foundation for Peace and Democracy to
gather input from parliamentarians and/or staff in all 35 ParlAmericas
member countries, as to hemispheric policy priority themes. The top priority
themes formed the basis of three potential workshops proposed by the
International Secretariat to be put on in February 2013. The Secretariat,
in turn, sought direction from the board of directors as to which of the three
workshop themes would be the one selected. Further, Dr. Hill indicated that the
International Secretariat had explored and pursued collaboration opportunities
with organizations such as GOPAC and the WTO. The matter was discussed by the
board, which resolved that the following topic would be the theme of February
2013 workshop: Parliaments and Extractive Industries: How to Improve Oversight
and Increase Collaboration.
G.Review of the Draft Agenda and Participants of the 9th
Plenary Assembly
Mr. Juliao reviewed the draft agenda of
the 9th Plenary Assembly with the board of directors, highlighting a
schedule conflict concerning the Panamanian Vice-President’s participation in
the First Session of the Plenary Assembly. A review of participant countries
and their parliamentarians was also conducted. It was noted by board members that,
among the observer countries, the Falkland Islands had been invited to
participate at the Assembly. A discussion was held on this matter, with Mr.
Juliao sharing information about a discussion he had had on this subject with
the Argentinean ambassador to Panama. The protocol for the participation of
observer nations was also reviewed and discussed.
H.Nominations for Vacant Board Positions and Staggered Cycles of
Directly Elected Board Members
It was noted that the term for some
board of directors’ positions would be ending during the Assembly. These
countries included Canada, Colombia, Haiti, Honduras, and Panama. Procedures
for submitting a candidacy application to one of the sub-regional
representative positions were reviewed.
Further, a memo to the board of
directors from the International Secretariat was presented. The International
Secretariat, along with Mr. Michel Rathier, the Strategic Plan Consultant, had
identified a potential problem with the cycles of the members of the board of
directors elected directly by the Assembly, resultant from a resolution that
was adopted during the 8th Plenary Assembly. Under this resolution,
the President, the First Vice‑President, and the President of the Women’s
Group/Second Vice‑President were all to be elected in the same year. This
meant that every two years, ParlAmericas could face a situation where new
individuals would be elected to all three positions. This was considered an
undesirable governance practice as there would be a lack of institutional continuity
among the senior leadership of the board of directors. After discussing the
matter, the board passed a resolution to extend the term of both the President
and the First Vice-President by one year, so that their terms would end in
2014. It was further resolved that this matter would be brought to the Assembly
for consideration by the delegates present.
I.Special Presentation by the World Bank
Mr. Mozammel Hoque of the World Bank
and former member of Bangladesh’s Parliament, made a presentation to the board
of directors concerning budgetary oversight in the countries of the Caribbean.
This presentation covered the components necessary for strong budgetary
oversight; potential political and economic reforms that could be undertaken by
countries in the Caribbean; key challenges for stimulating growth in the
region; and Parliament’s role in achieving desired results. Mr. Hoque indicated
an interest on the part of the World Bank to collaborate with organizations
like ParlAmericas in new and innovative projects. Mr. Hoback thanked Mr. Hoque
for providing the board with information on programs provided by the World Bank
and noted that there appeared to be areas of common interest where the World
Bank and ParlAmericas could explore creating synergies.
J.Organizational Governance
Mr. Hoback invited Mr. Rathier to
provide the board of directors with an update concerning the renewal of
ParlAmerica’s governance rules. Mr. Rathier indicated that certain corrections
and additions had been made to the document. It was, he noted, a “living”
document, as the rules and bylaws would continue to evolve. In addition, Mr.
Rathier indicated that the adoption of the document by the board and the
Plenary Assembly would mean that some sections or chapters would come into effect
immediately (in particular, Chapter 16) while others would be implemented by
the Technical Secretariat as they became ready. It was discussed that
elaborated governance rules would lend ParlAmericas greater status in the eyes
of the international community and could become an important feature of a
fundraising strategy. The board reviewed and accepted the revisions and
additions made to a selection of chapters, provided Mr. Rathier with feedback,
and were brought up-to-date on the work which remained in order to complete the
renewal of the governance rules.
K.Group of Women Parliamentarians of the Americas Management Report
Ms. Machuca provided the board with a
report on the activities of the Group of Women Parliamentarians. This included
the work carried out in Paraguay in 2011 and the gathering of the Group of
Women Parliamentarians 2012 “Citizen Security for Women” (meeting structure and
development; participants; funding; outcomes; venue for the 2013 gathering;
funding alternatives for 2013; and management prospects for 2012–2013).
9th Plenary Assembly of ParlAmericas
A.Introduction
The 9th Plenary Assembly of
ParlAmericas was held in Panama City, Panama, from 30 August 2012 to
1 September 2012, at the Sheraton Panama Hotel. During the Assembly, three
working groups were offered, with each group discussing a separate theme. These
themes were: weak rule of law, a threat to citizen security; the impact of the
global financial crisis on the Americas; and climate change and the
environment. The Plenary Assembly was attended by 43 parliamentarians from 14
countries, which represented each of ParlAmericas’ sub-regions (North America,
Central America, the Caribbean and South America). There were also delegates
who attended from observer countries, including the Russian Federation, the
Falkland Islands, and St. Martin. Canada was represented by five parliamentarians:
Senator Michael MacDonald (Nova
Scotia), Head of the Canadian Delegation and Vice-Chair of the Canadian
Section;
Senator Pierrette Ringuette (New
Brunswick);
Mr. Scott Andrews, member from Avalon;
Ms. Hélène Laverdière, member from
Laurier–Sainte-Marie; and
Mr. James Rajotte, member from
Edmonton–Leduc.
B.First Session of the Plenary Assembly
The first session of the 9th
Plenary Assembly began with the election of Mr. Victor Juliao, First Vice‑President
and member of the National Assembly of Panama, as President for the Plenary
Assembly. Mr. Juliao, in his opening remarks, offered delegates a warm
welcome and congratulated them on their attendance, which demonstrated a desire
to work on solving the important issues facing the hemisphere. He highlighted
the importance of studying climate change and noted a number of steps Panama
had taken to protect its environment. Ms. Linda Machuca, Second Vice‑President,
President of the Group of Women Parliamentarians and member of the National
Assembly of Ecuador then provided the Plenary Assembly with an update of the
work of the Women’s Group. She indicated that the recent economic downturn had
disproportionately impacted women in the hemisphere. Ms. Machuca also noted
that domestic work traditionally accomplished by women had for too long gone
ignored, statistically, in the calculation of national accounts. In her view,
there needed to be recognition of this work, referring to it as the “economy of
love/care.” Mr. Randy Hoback, President and member of the Parliament of Canada,
also addressed the Assembly. He began by underlining the importance of the
forum provided by ParlAmericas for allowing parliamentarians to engage in frank
and open discussions on very important topics. He noted that having positive
dialogue between the countries of the Americas was especially important because
geography made these countries natural trading partners. Mr. Hoback stated that
through participation in organizations such as ParlAmericas, parliamentarians
could commit to positive interactions that would foster economic, social and
cultural improvements of the countries of the hemisphere and the hemisphere as
a whole. Lastly, he provided the participants of the Assembly with information
on the work accomplished by ParlAmericas over the past year, as well as an
update on potential strategic partnerships with other international
organizations, and an overview of upcoming ParlAmericas events.
Mr. Miguel Fanovich, Vice-President of
the National Assembly of Panama, delivered a special address to the ninth
Plenary Assembly. He noted the positive dialogue promoted and fostered by
organizations such as ParlAmericas. He also underlined the importance of such
organizations, as these constituted the basic building blocks for democratic scholarship,
while also acting as a direct bridge to the international community. He closed
by noting that it was through gatherings such as the Assembly that
parliamentarians could work together to achieve progress.
Mr. Hoback returned before the Plenary Assembly
to deliver the Annual Report from the President. In it, he provided
participants with an update on ParlAmericas’ newly redesigned website; noted
that ParlAmericas had begun producing a newsletter containing current
hemispheric issues, delivered straight to parliamentarians; provided an
overview of recent ParlAmericas activities, including a Caribbean workshop
(January 2012) and the annual gathering of the Women’s Group in
Valparaiso, Chile (May 2012); noted that the board of directors were
currently renewing ParlAmericas’ regulations; and provided participants with
some operational and financial information concerning the past fiscal year.
In respect of other business, a motion
was brought by Mr. Ignacio Urrutia Bonilla, board member and member of the
National Congress of Chile, to extend the mandates of the ParlAmericas
President and First Vice‑President by one extra year. After interventions
by several participants, the Plenary Assembly voted in favour of the proposed
resolution.
The floor was then given to Major
Pricilla de Oliveira Azevedo, military police, State Security, Rio de Janeiro,
to make the keynote address. Major de Oliveira Azevedo provided the Plenary
Assembly with an overview of the stark situation faced by police in the slums (favellas)
of Rio de Janerio in respect of the criminal activities of the drug cartels. In
many cases, these slums were lawless, ruled by gangs armed with weaponry more
powerful than that possessed by the police. All public services in such slums
were provided for by competing gangs. Many of those involved in the most
violent gang activities were in fact youths, who had finished their
conscription in the national army, only to find employment with a drug cartel.
Under the leadership provided by military police such as Major de Oliveira
Azevedo, the security policy for such slums had changed from a traditional
policy of confrontation to one of pacification. Over the last decade, a
federal-state-municipal partnership created models for mediating conflicts,
including the creation of a pacifying police force that held as an objective
the re-institution of peace and stability to communities. There were presently
26 pacifying police units working in the communities of Rio to the benefit of
approximately 1 million citizens. Since the creation of these pacifying units,
the basic quality of life in many communities had improved (access to food,
water, sanitation, electricity, etc.). There had also been a marked decrease in
the number of slain police officers (a decrease of approximately 61%).
C.Working Lunch with the Canadian Ambassador to Panama
The Canadian delegation met with Ms.
Sylvia Cesaratto, Ambassador of Canada to Panama, at the Sheraton Panama Hotel
for a working lunch. In her remarks, Ambassador Cesaratto provided the
delegation with an overview of the political system in Panama. She noted that
the atmosphere could be characterized as pro-business, with large investments
being made in the country’s infrastructure. She noted, however, that very few
Canadian companies were involved in these projects. She cited a number of
reasons for this, including that Canadian companies tend not to purposely
underbid during competitive bidding processes. Ambassador Cessaratto also
indicated that Panama had large income inequality; practically no unemployment;
and a large Aboriginal population (accounting for approximately 10% of the
total population) whose jurisdiction represented approximately 30% of the land.
She also provided the delegation with information on a $6 billion mining
project, the largest investment ever made in Panama, being undertaken by the
Inmet Mining Corporation, a Canadian company. The delegates were also given a
briefing on security issues in Panama, including the illicit trade in drugs and
firearms, money laundering, and human trafficking. It was noted that Panama
could use Canada’s help with respect to technology transfer and training. Also,
the visa requirement for Panamanian citizens seeking to visit Canada remained a
constant source of frustration, especially for businesspeople. It was made
clear that it would be greatly appreciated if this process could be
streamlined, if not eliminated.
D.Working Group Sessions
On 30 August and 1 September 2012,
parliamentarians were invited to attend and contribute to one of three
concurrent working groups, according to their areas of interest. The first
group looked at the impact of the global economic crisis in the Americas. The
second group focused on the weak rule of law as a threat to citizen security.
The third group examined climate change and the environment. In addition to
these three groups, the Group of Women Parliamentarians met twice to discuss the
global financial crisis and its impact on women in the region. A summary of the
discussions that took place in each group is presented below. The resolutions
resulting from the working group sessions are also presented in Appendix A of
this report.
The Working Group “Impact of the global
economic crisis in the Americas” drew delegates from Argentina, Canada, Chile,
Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, Paraguay, and Suriname. Ms. Jeannette
Ruiz, member of the National Assembly of Costa Rica, and Senator Michael L.
MacDonald (Canada) chaired the meetings of the Group, which had as its
objectives to:
Analyze the political and social
consequences of the global economic crisis;
Study to what extent and how the global
crisis affected political dynamics and democratic governance in the Americas;
Study current fiscal and social policy
responses to the crisis; and
Analyze the “China effect” in
mitigating the impact of the global economic crisis in the Americas.
The working group’s discussions were
facilitated by Mr. Otton Solís Fallas (Costa Rica) and by Ms. Laura Gómez
Mera (Argentina). In the Americas, although many countries faced economic slow‑downs,
most economies fared better than the majority of G20 economies, and experienced
higher growth rates than both Canada and the United States. Professor Solis’
presentation highlighted the continued foreign direct investment by China in
the Americas as the strongest indicator in explaining of the resilience of many
Latin American countries.
The Working Group “Weak Rule of Law: a
threat to citizen security” drew delegates from Argentina, Canada, Chile,
Panamá, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela. Mr. Germán Blanco, member of the
National Assembly of Colombia chaired the sessions of the Group, which had as
its objectives to:
Analyze how administrative justice and
security are related;
Study current programs (public
benefits, individual licensing and permitting, regulatory programs with
individual impact);
Study the application of the rule of
law to administrative justice;
Analyze the adaptation of local
microstructures in the democratic rule of law;
Study social microstructures and new
leadership systems; and
Study social microstructures that
weaken the rule of law.
Leading the discussion of this working
group were two subject-matter specialists: Mr. Howard Fenton
(United States) and Mr. Marco Castillo (Guatemala). Mr. Fenton described
the elements of the rule of law as including criminal justice, civil justice
and administrative justice. He noted that administrative justice was often
overlooked as an important legal pillar, and provided delegates with an
overview of the role that administrative justice could play in a society with a
strong adherence to the rule of law. The positive attributes ascribed to a
healthy administrative justice system included a citizenry who felt more secure
in their livelihood; greater confidence in the government; increased
accountability; a reduction in petty corruption; and more effective delivery
and review of government programs. Mr. Castillo discussed cases of communities
in the Northern Triangle (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras) in which the state
was completely absent, having abandoned providing services to the citizenry. In
these communities, the rule of law did not exist. These communities became, as
such, silenced and hidden. Mr. Castillo discussed strategies to be undertaken
by the state to recover its role in such communities, including identifying and
legitimizing grassroots leaders; strengthening citizen participation; and
engaging citizens in peaceful dialogue in order to learn and take into account
their needs and experiences.
The Working Group “Climate Change and
Environment” drew delegates from Argentina, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba,
Jamaica, Suriname, and Panama. Mr. Ignacio Urrutia, member of the National
Assembly of Chile chaired the sessions of the Working Group, which had as its objectives
to:
Analyze extractive industries policy
issues such as fiscal regimes and health, safety, environment oversight;
Analyze the impacts of extractive
industries on the environment and climate change (the “clean energy,” “green
jobs” debates); and
Study current best practices in
capacity building (how to improve poorly equipped government institutions and
bodies).
In order to achieve these objectives,
the Working Group heard presentations from two experts: Ms. Michelle
Michot Foss (United States) and Ms. Margarita Astralaga (Colombia). Mrs. Michot
began her presentation by outlining different aspects of the extractive
industry’s operations that are of concern to policy makers. She noted the
importance of good governance, transparency, open markets and a step-by-step
approach. She set out the best practices in planning better energy systems
(i.e., wind, solar, fuel, platinum) and ways to improve the various
institutions (extraction, urbanisation, fiscal regime, etc).
Ms. Astralaga discussed the United
Nations Energy Programme’s fifth Global Environmental Outlook, a report which
provides a scientific review of a selected set of environmental challenges, as
well as of solutions available to respond to them, including their social and
environmental costs, and the associated benefits. The report assessed 90 of the
most important global environmental objectives and found that significant
progress had only been made toward four objectives; marginal progress had been
made toward 40 goals (including the expansion of protected areas such as
National Parks and efforts to reduce deforestation); little or no progress had
been detected for 24 (including climate change, fish stocks and desertification
and drought); and further deterioration was shown for eight goals (including
the state of the word’s coral reefs). No assessment was made of 14 other goals
due to a lack of data.
The Working Group of the Group of Women
Parliamentariansmet twice in conjunction with the 9th Plenary
Assembly, drawing the participation of delegates from Argentina, Canada, Chile,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama,
Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela. The group “Financial Crisis and its impact
on women in the region” was presided by Ms. Machuca, President of the
Group of Women Parliamentarians, and had the following objectives:
Reflecting upon the economic crisis and
its impact on women;
Identifying the unique characteristics
of women as vulnerable subjects in the economic crisis;
Defining the social and historical
context giving rise to the economic crisis, as well as its financial
components; and
Identifying potential government
policies to protect women and support them in an economic downturn.
Participants in this Working Group
heard a presentation from Ms. Mayna Buvinic (Chile). She discussed the impacts
that the recent global financial crisis had had on women and their children in
poor countries, including how women postpone childbearing during economic
crises. She noted that in a study conducted on the impact of positive and
negative economic shocks, while boys and girls benefitted from positive shocks
in a similar way, negative shocks were more harmful to girls than to boys as
they affected girls’ healthcare. According to Ms. Buvinic’s analysis, gender
differences emerged from a review of the effects of aggregate economic shocks,
as differences exist between men and women in terms of access to labour and
credit markets and in the allocation of household labour. Also, they are the
result of households’ coping strategies when faced with a drop in household
income. It was an issue that affected all women in the hemisphere, especially
providers of services (mostly in social reproduction and care work) in
developed countries.
E.Second Session of the Plenary Assembly
The second session of the 9th
Plenary Assembly began with an announcement of the new countries selected, by
acclamation, to fill positions on the board of directors. Positions on the
board are allotted to each of the four ParlAmericas sub-regions, namely North
America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. The countries
selected to fill positions on the board were:
Canada, representing North America;
Jamaica, representing the Caribbean;
and
Colombia, representing South America.
The session continued with the
presentation of the recommendations by the chairs of each working group (see
Appendix A). These recommendations were fully received and adopted by the
Assembly, without amendments.
There was also some discussion as to
the location of the 10th Plenary Assembly, scheduled for fall 2013.
A location was not, however, decided upon.
Mr. Hoback closed the session by
offering his thanks to the chairs of the working groups for their focused and
efficient efforts; to the subject-matter experts; to the delegates; to the
staff and Technical Secretariat; and to the translators. He noted that the
event had been a success, with harmonious yet substantive discussions, while
also offering the opportunity for the creation of lasting friendships between
parliamentarians.
F.Board of Directors Meeting
The board of directors met during a
working lunch to discuss the remaining items on its agenda. The meeting opened
with a warm welcome extended by Mr. Hoback to the new members of the board. It
was noted that ParlAmericas, as an organization had made a number of structural
changes that will allow it to move forward in a positive way. Further,
ParlAmericas had created a new strategic plan, overhauled its governance, and
was in the process of reviewing and enhancing its regulations. The need
remained, however, for secure, stable funding. The board then reviewed the work
plan which had been approved by the board and CIDA in February 2012. A
discussion also took place concerning the role of observer countries at future
plenary assemblies.